HVAC Renovation Duct Leakage
September 18, 2010
Duct Leakage Concerns:
The following is a revision based on an actual report concerning duct leakage in a multi-family Low Income Housing Tax Credit Renovation being done to EarthCraft Virginia Standards:
One of the areas of most concern is the return grill area being installed when the Air Handler is put in place. At the same time as the return plenum is being installed, the return grill is being put in place, making it hard to see what is being sealed between this metal plenum and the framing surrounding it.
The only unit I could see the installation of the return plenum without the grill in place was in building number 000, unit #12. I am attaching a picture with this report. As seen the sheet metal return is not sealed. The other units where the air handlers were being installed already had the return grill in place. In looking at it from the Air Handler closet side there appeared to be no sealant in place.
In looking at the supply registers in the same buildings, where the registers had not been put in place, I could observe the sealing being applied. Unit #6 in Building 0000 had, it appeared, an expanding white sealant applied in Breakfast/dining area and looked to be the best sealing method I observed.
Here is the dilemma: The latest duct blaster testing on September 15 showed 103 CFM’s of total leakage. But it only showed 12 CFM’s of leakage to the outside of the envelope. This is 1.41 % leakage to the outside, substantially below the EarthCraft Virginia standard of 6% leakage to the outside of 51 CFM.
I don’t know which way to counsel a solution in this situation. The ductwork itself is being installed correctly to EarthCraft Standards. The problems are encountered with the final hook up to the air handler, the terminations of the supply boots/registers and the return grill.
The following is a little lengthy, but required to explore the issue.
Here’s what EarthCraft Standards say:
Required Air Sealing Measures
“Framed spaces that connect conditioned areas to unconditioned areas must be sealed with sheet material and sealant.” A diagram shows all HVAC penetrations being sealed that lead to unconditioned areas.
Ductwork/Air Handler
“Required: Duct Blaster test result <6cfm to outdoors per 100 Square Feet of floor area served.” Or 51 CFM in this case. The units tested are substantially below this requirement.
Duct Seams and Air Handler sealed with Mastic:
“All transverse seams in supply and return ducts, including supply and return plenums and leakage sites in the air handler, shall be sealed with duct mastic and fibrous reinforcing mesh according to SMACNA specifications. Duct tape is not suitable sealant for ducts, but may be used for sealing leakage sites at the air handler’s removable access panels and at filter access panels.” A diagram shows caulk between drywall and boot in sheetrocked, insulated ceilings.
The entire HVAC system is inside the thermal envelope in these buildings now being tested. The results of leakage to the outside are substantially lower than EarthCraft Standards—a good thing. In order to improve the overall duct leakage substantially then improvements have to be made in the sealing of the Air Handler, the return plenum and supply terminations located in the sheetrock, hardwood floors and bath floor finishes.
In the ceiling terminations many builders use caulk or a compression strip on the boot, so that the sheetrock is installed with this sealing in place. Where existing hardwood floors are in place, usually found in renovations, sealing these terminations is not as straight forward as new construction processes. In new construction, there is a subfloor allowing a boot termination to overlap the subfloor between the hardwood and other finish floor, such as carpet, linoleum, vinyl. This boot termination is sealed to the subfloor.
In the hardwood and bath terminations of Project X, the supply boot is terminated at floor level, with no overlap, leaving a gap between the supply boot and the floor. It is not practical to install a mastically sealed boot overlap on the hardwood floor. That leaves the issue of how best to seal. It has to be something that not only seals, but can expand and contract with heat and cooling cycles. Some contractors use tape that overlaps the floor that can be covered by the finish supply register.
The termination of the Return Plenum is another story. This leakage is within a couple feet of the Air Handler. Its termination attachment to the framing is a big concern. It has been my experience over the past 3 years that return terminations can be haphazardly sealed, after all it is only a return, seems to be inherent in many contractors thinking. Unfortunately return leakage causes pressure imbalances and the unit looks to make up the difference from other unfiltered sources.
This attachment is not affected by any differences between new construction and renovation techniques. When this area isn’t sealed effectively, it is the source of major leakage. The return grill is immediately put on with the setting of the air handler and extension of the sheet metal return duct making it impossible to inspect the termination without removing the grill. The few grills I have removed have shown issues with the termination. The one I saw this week with the sheet metal installed and no register in place, showed no sealing(see attached picture), now maybe this is being done, but is there anyway to hold off the installer from putting that grill in place until the termination seal with the framing is inspected by the supervisors or EarthCraft? This makes a lot more common sense then testing, finding leakage and then having to remove it. Many installers use mastic and tape to seal this properly.
It might help the high total duct leakage results if the Air Handler itself was taped and sealed along the edges. I see this done quite frequently. The concern with some contractors is warranties. It might also be advantageous to seal the access panel with duct tape and mastic and tape around the edges where the return meets the Air Handler in places where just bare metal exists.
Yes, this is longwinded, but the sealing of all these areas was of concern to xxx when he was on site. It certainly would help the overall leakage and reduce duct leakage to the outside. Real efforts are being made to correct the issue. I have met with the HVAC contractor and the job supervisors on this and they are making a substantial effort at solutions on the subsequent buildings, only future tests will show if they are making a difference. What is going on in the immediate area of the Air Handler and return is the ongoing concern. But as mentioned above, there are some issues with a renovation, it isn’t as straight forward as the system approach for new construction.
HUD–Head up Rectum when it comes to HVAC Common Sense!
July 25, 2010
During the past week I had the opportunity to test a multi-family renovation for seniors. The property was a HUD project being renovated in order to keep it in the HUD fold of an affordable designation. I don’t understand the financing or how it was being handled, but HUD money is certainly involved. The project is trying to obtain a recognized third party Sustainable Renovation certification, which is how I get involved.
The apartments are paying close attention to sealing the thermal envelope of each unit. The Blower Door tests showed substantial reduction in Air Changes per Hour Natural. They were coming in below .2 ACH natural. That is pretty impressive in a renovation. I haven’t previously had any renovations test that low.
Here is my problem. HUD specs stated, so I am told, that the renovation of the HVAC system, all new, just be replaced matching what was there. Are you kidding me? We have 1.5 ton Heat Pump air handlers in apartment units that should have 1/2 of that. We are talking about the humid southeast. We are going to have an Air Conditioning unit come on, super cool the air and turn off. Where is any concern about dehumidification? Where is there any concern about the energy efficiency of the unit, whether it be in the cooling or heating mode?
A well designed space, to a recognized third party standard(ie. Energy Star), should have a ton of coolant to approximately 800-1200 Square Foot of living space. Here we have 1.5 tons to a unit less than 500 SF. That doesn’t make sense to me.
Everything coming out of Washington these days is about energy efficiency, alternative energy and sustainable(Green) building practices. We are in the process of throwing billions of dollars at energy efficiency and energy alternatives. If HUD or any other government unit just specifies “replace what is there with the equivalent,” what kind of standard is that? It isn’t a standard. It isn’t adhering to what HUD, Department of Energy, the GSA are vocalizing.
Another question is what about Indoor Air Quality? If affordable housing renovations are going to result in less than .25 ACH natural, the point at which most sustainable programs, including Energy Star, say you need outside air delivered, aren’t these senior citizens, in this particular project going to be breathing some funky air? Put another way aren’t we putting them at risk? Last I looked infants, children and seniors are the most susceptible to breathing problems and resultant illnesses. What kind of standard is “Just replace what’s there?”
To me this is the ultimate in “Don’t do as I do, but do as I say.” This is “Green Washing” at its best. All buildings, multi-family, houses, offices, commercial space, schools must be looked at as a system, not a collection of individual items. I mean do we design cars just based on how the tires hold up.
If this is the prescribed path of energy efficiency adhered to by a government entity, entrusted with helping to provide affordable housing for our most at risk citizens, we are in some serious trouble. Can’t we do projects that provide solutions and jobs for the long haul, not just quick fixes that provide jobs?
In the defense of contractors doing this kind of work, their hands are tied. They want the work, people want and need the jobs, and I don’t blame them–its tough out there in the construction business. When they even try to voice an opinion they jeopardize their ability to get the job, so its just “Shut-up and do it.” There is nothing sustainable about doing something 1/2 assed other than we will be doing it again and again in the future to the same buildings.
“There is never time to do it right, but there is always time to do it over.”